Impact of Cold Surge (CS) on Net Surface Heat Flux (NSHF) in Natuna Sea
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31172/jmg.v25i1.1103Keywords:
Cold Surge, Latent Heat Flux, Shortwave Radiation, Wind SpeedAbstract
Cold Surge (CS) events are often associated with rainfall occurrences in the Jakarta area. However, there is still limited literature on how CS affects other parameters in Indonesia. This study aims to contribute to this literature, particularly regarding the crucial role of CS in the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere. This research uses the composite difference method to compare changes in Wind Speed (WS), Latent Heat Flux (LHF), Sensible Heat Flux (SHF), Shortwave Radiation (SWR), Longwave Radiation (LWR), and Net Surface Heat Flux (NSHF) during CS phases versus neutral conditions no CS (nCS). The composite difference results indicate an increase in wind speed in the study area, Natuna Sea, with values of 1.17 m/s, 1.45 m/s, and 1.69 m/s for December, January, and February, respectively. This finding explains that the increase in wind speed significantly influences LHF in the negative direction, meaning more LHF is transferred from the ocean to the atmosphere during the CS phase. LHF also predominantly affects NSHF in the study area during the CS period, indicating that more NSHF is leaving the ocean and entering the atmosphere compared to the amount entering the ocean from the atmosphere during the CS phase.
References
I. Tan, M. J. Reeder, M. S. Singh, C. E. Birch, and S. C. Peatman, "Wet and dry cold surges over the Maritime Continent," Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 128, p. e2022JD038196, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD038196.
M.-L. Chong, H.-Y. Yeung, and K.-K. Hon, "Study of extreme cold surge in Hong Kong," Meteorology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 52-71, 2023, doi: 10.3390/meteorology2010004. [Online]. Available:https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology2010004.
J. Lin and H.-N. Cheung, "Distinct mid-latitude Eurasian Rossby wave trains preceding strong and weak cold surges in Southern China," Frontiers in Earth Science, vol. 10, 2022, doi: 10.3389/feart.2022.861015. [Online]. Available:https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.861015.
H. G. Takahashi, "Orographic low-level clouds of Southeast Asia during the cold surges of the winter monsoon," Atmospheric Research, vol. 131, pp. 22–33, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.07.00.
A. Kumar, "A new approach to cold surge classification in East Asia," Scientific Reports, vol. 11, p. 23659, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02873-0.
J.-W. Heo, C.-H. Ho, T.-W. Park, W. Choi, J.-H. Jeong, and J. Kim, "Changes in cold surge occurrence over East Asia in the future: Role of thermal structure," Atmosphere, vol. 9, no. 6, p. 222, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9060222.
Y. Zhang and C. Lu, "Detection of the synoptic southeastward-extending Siberian cold high during 1978–2017," Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, vol. 15, p. 100140, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aosl.2021.100140.
A. Kumar, E. Y. M. Lo, and A. D. Switzer, "Relationship between East Asian Cold Surges and Synoptic Patterns: A New Coupling Framework," Climate, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 30, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7020030.
S. Y. Lim, C. Marzin, P. Xavier, C.-P. Chang, and B. Timbal, "Impacts of boreal winter monsoon cold surges and the interaction with MJO on Southeast Asia rainfall," Journal of Climate, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 4267–4281, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0546.1
M. R. Abdillah, Y. Kanno, T. Iwasaki, and J. Matsumoto, "Cold surge pathways in East Asia and their tropical impacts," Journal of Climate, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 157-170, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0552.1.
E. Saufina, R. Trismidianto, F. Risyanto, I. Fathrio, and W. Harjupa, "Impact of cross equatorial northerly surge (CENS) on Jakarta heavy rainfall and its interaction with tropical cyclone (Case study: 18–25 February 2020)," AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 2366, p. 050002, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0059995.
M. Hattori, S. Mori, and J. Matsumoto, "The cross-equatorial northerly surge over the Maritime Continent and its relationship to precipitation patterns," Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Ser. II, vol. 89A, pp. 27-47, 2011. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2011-A02.
R. R. Fauzi and R. Hidayat, "Role of cold surge and MJO on rainfall enhancement over Indonesia during East Asian winter monsoon," IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 149, pp. 012045, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/149/1/012045.
Q. Liu, L. Huang, and L. Bai, "Delayed effects of large-scale cold surge on winter heavy rainfall in southern China," Atmospheric Research, vol. 285, p. 106632, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.106632.
P. Xavier, S. Y. Lim, M. F. A. B. Abdullah, M. Bala, S. N. Chenoli, A. S. Handayani, C. Marzin, D. Permana, F. Tangang, K. D. Williams, and D. J. Yik, "Seasonal dependence of cold surges and their interaction with the Madden–Julian Oscillation over Southeast Asia," Journal of Climate, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 2467–2482, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0048.1.
T. A. Lestari, M. S. B. Athallah, and Y. D. Haryanto, "Identification of cross-equatorial northerly surge (CENS) relationship to very heavy rain events in Jakarta," Bulletin of Applied Mathematics and Mathematics Education, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 45–54, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://dx.doi.org/10.12928/bamme.v3i1.7340.
E. Yulihastin, T. W. Hadi, N. S. Ningsih, and M. R. Syahputra, "Early morning peaks in the diurnal cycle of precipitation over the northern coast of West Java and possible influencing factors," Annals of Geophysics, vol. 38, pp. 231–242, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-231-2020.
X. Sun and R. Wu, "Contribution of Wind Speed and Sea-Air Humidity Difference to the Latent Heat Flux-SST Relationship," Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Research, vol. 2022, Article ID 9815103, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.34133/2022/9815103. [Online]. Available: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4712-2251.
G. J. Zhang and M. J. McPhaden, "The Relationship between Sea Surface Temperature and Latent Heat Flux in the Equatorial Pacific," Journal of Climate, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 589-605, Mar. 1995, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0589>2.0.CO;2.
B. P. Kumar, M. F. Cronin, S. Joseph, M. Ravichandran, and N. Sureshkumar, "Latent heat flux sensitivity to sea surface temperature: Regional perspectives," Journal of Climate, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 129–143, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0285.1.
A. Wirasatriya, D. N. Sugianto, M. Helmi, L. Maslukah, R. T. Widiyandono, V. E. Herawati, P. Subardjo, G. Handoyo, Haryadi, J. Marwoto, A. A. D. Suryoputro, W. Atmodjo, and H. Setiyono, "Heat flux aspects on the seasonal variability of sea surface temperature in the Java Sea," Ecology, Environment & Conservation, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 434-442, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doc-pak.undip.ac.id/id/eprint/13244.
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), "Cold and warm episodes by season," 2019. [Online]. Available: https://origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ONI_v5.php. [Accessed: 9-Aug-2024].
W. Zhang, S. Li, F.-F. Jin, R. Xie, C. Liu, M. F. Stuecker, and A. Xue, "ENSO regime changes responsible for decadal phase relationship variations between ENSO sea surface temperature and warm water volume," Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 46, no. 13, pp. 7063-7856, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082943.
B. Trewin, "Seasonal climate summary for the southern hemisphere (spring 2018): positive Indian Ocean Dipole and Australia’s driest September on record," J. Southern Hemisphere Earth Syst. Sci., vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 373-392, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1071/ES20007.
T. Utari, A. Y. Baeda, and C. Paotonan, "Study of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) Scheme in South Sulawesi Province," J. Riset & Teknol. Terapan Kemaritiman, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 34-41, Dec. 2022. [Online]. Available: doi: 10.25042/jrt2k.122022.05.
R. A. Madden and P. Julian, “Detection of a 40±50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific,” J Atmos Sci, vol. 28, pp. 702–708, 1971.
E. Beliyana, N. S. Ningsih, S. R. Gunawan, and A. Tarya, "Characteristics of Marine Heatwaves in the Indonesian Waters during the PDO, ENSO, and IOD Phases and Their Relationships to Net Surface Heat Flux," Atmosphere, vol. 14, no. 6, p. 1035, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14061035.
H. Tomita, K. Kutsuwada, M. Kubota, and T. Hihara, "Advances in the Estimation of Global Surface Net Heat Flux Based on Satellite Observation: J-OFURO3 V1.1," Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 8, 2021, Art. no. 612361. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.612361
W. Ge, L. Han, and X. Tang, "Surface radiation characteristics of the Ali area, Northern Tibetan Plateau," Environ. Res. Commun., vol. 3, no. 4, p. 041006, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1088/2515-7620/abf0f3.
M. Lauster, P. Remmen, M. Fuchs, J. Teichmann, R. Streblow, and D. Müller, "Modelling long-wave radiation heat exchange for thermal network building simulations at urban scale using Modelica," in Proc. 10th Int. Modelica Conf., Lund, Sweden, 10–12 Mar. 2014.
J. Zhang and J. Li, Eds., Spatial Cognitive Engine Technology, Chapter 11, "Spacecraft," Academic Press, 2023, pp. 129-162. ISBN 9780323951074. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95107-4.00004-4.
K. V. Shende, V. S. Shirsat, M. R. Ramesh Kumar, and K. V. Kale, "Artificial Neural Network Model for Prediction of Latent Heat Flux over Bay of Bengal," Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng., vol. 7, no. 5, May 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.26438/ijcse/v7i5.901905.
N. N. Purwadani, "Variation of Cross-Equatorial Northerly Surge Formation Characteristics and Its Impact on Rainfall in The Western Maritime Continent," M.S. thesis, Institut Teknologi Bandung, 2023.
Y.-C. Zhang and W. Rossow, "Estimating meridional energy transports by the atmospheric and oceanic general circulations using boundary flux data," J. Climate, vol. 10, pp. 2358-2373, 1997. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<2358>2.0.CO;2.
X. Sun and R. Wu, "Contribution of Wind Speed and Sea-Air Humidity Difference to the Latent Heat Flux-SST Relationship," Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Research, vol. 2022, Article ID: 9815103, Sep. 2022. doi: 10.34133/2022/9815103.
H. Tomita and M. Kubota, "Variability of surface heat flux over the Indian Ocean" Atmosphere-Ocean, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 183-199, 2004. doi: 10.3137/ao.420303.
B.-X. Feng, H.-L. Liu, P.-F. Lin, and Q. Wang, "Estimation of the surface heat budget over the South China Sea," Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 191-197, 2016, doi: 10.1080/16742834.2016.1164011.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Rezfiko Agdialta
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
