On The Interannual Variability of Indonesian Monsoon Rainfall (IMR): A Literature Review of The Role of its External Forcing

Authors

  • Adi Mulsandi Program Studi Meteorologi, Sekolah Tinggi Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika (STMKG), Tangerang Selatan, 15221, Indonesia
  • Yonny Koesmaryono IPB University
  • Rahmat Hidayat Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
  • Akhmad Faqih Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
  • Ardhasena Sopaheluwakan Center for Applied Climate Services, Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics, Jakarta 10720, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31172/jmg.v24i2.1049

Keywords:

ENSO, IOD, PDO, Indonesian Monsoon Rainfall, rainfall anomaly

Abstract

The IMR variability is notorious for its hydrometeorological disasters. This paper examines recent studies on IMR and the main factors controlling its variability. The focus of this study is to investigate the impact of the atmosphere-ocean interaction that acts as the external forcing of IMR in the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. Specifically, the study will examine the influence of two climate phenomena, namely the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and their interdecadal changes associated Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), on the IMR. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach. Furthermore, data sets (such as rainfall, wind field, and SST) spanning 1990-2020 were used to verify the key findings. In general, this study concludes that the majority of the authors coincided with the following conclusion: ENSO and IOD events impact IMR by changing its amplitude, duration, intensity, and frequency of mean and extreme rainfall. Additionally, it has been shown that their impacts on IMR are most substantial during the dry seasons, specifically in June, July, and August (JJA), and not as strong as during the wet seasons, specifically in December, January, and February (DJF). Spatially, the effects of ENSO and IOD on IMR variability are clearly found more eastward and westward of the region, respectively. The expansions towards the east and west directions were facilitated by the displacement of the ascending and descending of Walker circulation patterns in the Indonesian region, respectively. Given the interannual fluctuations in IMR, caused mainly by ocean-atmosphere interactions, the knowledge gap of atmospheric factors like the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) must be investigated in the future, as suggested by previous research and our preliminary study.

Author Biographies

Adi Mulsandi, Program Studi Meteorologi, Sekolah Tinggi Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika (STMKG), Tangerang Selatan, 15221, Indonesia

Adi Mulsandi, M.Si., is a meteorologist and lecturer at the Indonesian State College of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (STMKG) in Jakarta, Indonesia. He received a diploma from the Academy of Meteorology and Geophysics in 2004. He received a B.S. from Cenderawasih University in 2009. He received a M.S. from Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) in 2011. Currently, he is a Ph.D. candidate in Applied Climatology at IPB University. Before coming to IPB University, Adi was the Chair of the Department of Meteorology at the Indonesian State College of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (STMKG) in Jakarta, Indonesia. He has also taught at STMKG in some courses, including numerical weather prediction, satellite meteorology, tropical meteorology,  and polar and mid-latitude meteorology. Adi is an active member of the Society of Agricultural Meteorology of Indonesia (PERHIMPI) and the National Association of Atmospheric Scientists (A3I).

 

Yonny Koesmaryono, IPB University

Prof. Yonny Koesmaryono, Ph.D., has held the position of Professor in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at IPB University, located in Bogor, Indonesia, since 2006. From 2019 to 2024, he held the positions of chairman and member of the academic senate at IPB University. He obtained a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) and a Master of Science (M.S.) from IPB University in 1980 and 1985, respectively. In 1996, he obtained a Ph.D. in Agricultural Meteorology from Ehime University, Japan. He possesses impressive expertise in both academic and managerial positions. He has participated in numerous joint research projects funded by various organizations, such as the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN Indonesia), the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI Indonesia), and IC-SEA. Prof. Yonny actively participates in professional associations such as the Society of Agricultural Meteorology of Indonesia (PERHIMPI) and the Society of Agricultural Meteorology of Japan (JAMS).

Rahmat Hidayat, Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia

Rahmat Hidayat is a lecturer and researcher at IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. He received a B.Sc. in Meteorology from the IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia (1998), an M.Sc. degree in Atmospheric Science from the Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia (2006), and his Ph.D. from Tohoku University, Japan (2009). He has served as Head of the Laboratory of Meteorology and Atmospheric Pollution since 2023 until now. He has research collaboration and experience working with JAMSTEC on the Maritime Continent Center of Excellence (MCCOE) under the SATREPS project. His research interests include meteorology and air pollution, tropical air-sea interaction, climate variability and change, and extreme climate events (drought and flooding).

Akhmad Faqih, Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia

Dr. Akhmad Faqih is a lecturer and researcher at IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. He obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in Agrometeorology from IPB University in Bogor, Indonesia, in 1998. He later completed his Ph.D. in climatology (physical science) at the University of Southern Queensland in Australia in 2010. He possesses extensive expertise in both academic and managerial positions. Since 2021, he has held the position of vice dean for academic, student affairs, and alumni faculty of mathematics and natural sciences at IPB University. He is focused on researching climate modeling and projections and analyzing climate variability and change. Dr. Akhmad Faqih is an active member of various professional associations, including the American Geophysical Union (AGU), the American Meteorological Society (AMS), the International Society for Agricultural Meteorology (INSAM), the Indonesian Society on Agriculture Meteorology (PERHIMPI) in Indonesia, the ARC Network for Earth System Sciences (ARC NESS) in Australia (2007–2009), and the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (AMOS) in Australia (2007–2009).

Ardhasena Sopaheluwakan, Center for Applied Climate Services, Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics, Jakarta 10720, Indonesia

Dr. Ardhasena Sopaheluwakan is a researcher. He is presently the deputy director of the climatology of the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG). He received a BSc in mathematics from the Bandung Institute of Technology in 2000. He received an MSc and Ph.D. and a postdoctoral fellow in Applied Analysis and Mathematical Physics (AAMP) Group from the University of Twente, The Netherlands, in 2003 and 2006, respectively. In 2023, he graduated from Harvard Business School with a certificate of specialization in strategy, disruptive strategy, management essentials, strategy execution, global business, and open innovation. His current main interest is in climate analysis and modeling. He actively participates in professional associations such as the American Mathematical Society (AMS), the European Geosciences Union (EGU), the American Geophysical Union (AGU), the Indonesian Bio-Mathematical Society (IBMS), the Indonesian Association for Atmospheric Experts (A3I), the Vice-Chairman for Science and Technology, and the Indonesian Hydrological Society (MHI). He has received several important recognitions for his career, including Prize Winner in the Workshop on Dynamical Systems, Prize Winner in the Course on Mathematical Support for Hydrodynamic Laboratories, First Prize Award, and Best Participant in the Workshop on Mathematical Aspects of Periodic Optical Systems and Their Applications.

References

Supari, F. Tangang, E. Salimun, E. Aldrian, A. Sopaheluwakan, and L. Juneng, “ENSO modulation of seasonal rainfall and extremes in Indonesia,” Clim. Dyn., vol. 51, no. 7–8, pp. 2559–2580, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-4028-8 ENSO.

A. Kurniadi, E. Weller, S.-K. Min, and M.-G. Seong, “Independent ENSO and IOD impacts on rainfall extremes over Indonesia,” Int. J. Climatol., vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 3640–3656, 2021, doi: 10.1002/joc.7040.

A. Kurniadi, E. Weller, S. K. Min, and M. G. Seong, “Independent ENSO and IOD impacts on rainfall extremes over Indonesia,” Int. J. Climatol., vol. 41, no. 6, 2021, doi: 10.1002/joc.7040.

D. O. Lestari, E. Sutriyono, and I. Iskandar, “Severe Drought Event in Indonesia Following 2015/16 El Niño/positive Indian Dipole Events,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2018, vol. 1011, no. 1, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1011/1/012040.

J. Lu, T. Li, and X. Shen, “Precipitation diurnal cycle over the maritime continent modulated by ENSO,” Clim. Dyn., vol. 61, no. 5–6, pp. 2547–2564, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s00382-023-06699-6.

H. Nguyen-Thanh, T. Ngo-Duc, and M. Herrmann, “The distinct impacts of the two types of ENSO on rainfall variability over Southeast Asia,” Clim. Dyn., vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 2155–2172, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s00382-023-06673-2.

A. R. Nugroho, I. Tamagawa, and M. Harada, “Spatiotemporal Analysis on the Teleconnection of ENSO and IOD to the Stream Flow Regimes in Java, Indonesia,” Water (Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 2, 2022, doi: 10.3390/w14020168.

A. M. Setiawan, W. S. Lee, and J. Rhee, “Spatio-temporal characteristics of Indonesian drought related to El Niño events and its predictability using the multi-model ensemble,” Int. J. Climatol., vol. 37, no. 13, pp. 4700–4719, 2017, doi: 10.1002/joc.5117.

A. A. Amirudin, E. Salimun, F. Tangang, L. Juneng, and M. Zuhairi, “Differential influences of teleconnections from the Indian and Pacific oceans on rainfall variability in Southeast Asia,” Atmosphere (Basel)., vol. 11, no. 9, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090886.

A. R. As-syakur et al., “Observation of spatial patterns on the rainfall response to ENSO and IOD over Indonesia using TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA),” Int. J. Climatol., vol. 34, no. 15, pp. 3825–3839, 2014, doi: 10.1002/joc.3939.

H. Jun-ichi et al., “Interannual Rainfall Variability over Northwestern Jawa and its Relation to the Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño-Southern Oscillation Events,” SOLA, vol. 8, no. 1997, pp. 69–72, 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.2012-018.

D. O. Lestari, E. Sutriyono, and I. Iskandar, “Respective Influences of Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño- Southern Oscillation on Indonesian Precipitation Datasets and Methods,” J. Math. Fundam. Sci., vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 257–272, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.5614/j.math.fund.sci.2018.50.3.3.

N. H. Saji, B. N. Goswami, P. N. Vinayachandran, and T. Yamagata, “A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean,” Nature, vol. 401, no. 6751, pp. 360–363, 1999, doi: 10.1038/43854.

N. H. Saji and T. Yamagata, “Possible impacts of Indian Ocean Dipole mode events on global climate,” Clim. Res., vol. 25, no. 2, 2003, doi: 10.3354/cr025151.

P. H. Hrudya, H. Varikoden, and R. Vishnu, “A review on the Indian summer monsoon rainfall, variability and its association with ENSO and IOD,” Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., vol. 133, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s00703-020-00734-5.

A. J. Firmansyah, E. Nurjani, and A. B. Sekaranom, “Effects of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on rainfall anomalies in Central Java, Indonesia,” Arab. J. Geosci. 2022 1524, vol. 15, no. 24, pp. 1–13, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1007/S12517-022-11016-2.

M. N. Nur’utami and T. HAYAS, “Interannual Variability of the Indonesian Rainfall and Air–Sea Interaction over the Indo–Pacific Associated with Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation Phases in the Dry Season,” J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan. Ser. II, vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 77–97, 2022, doi: 10.2151/jmsj.2022-004.

S. Nurdiati, A. Sopaheluwakan, and P. Septiawan, “Joint Pattern Analysis of Forest Fire and Drought Indicators in Southeast Asia Associated with ENSO and IOD,” Atmosphere (Basel)., vol. 13, no. 8, 2022, doi: 10.3390/atmos13081198.

H. S. Lee, “General Rainfall Patterns in Indonesia and the Potential Impacts of Local Season Rainfall Intensity,” Water, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1751–1768, 2015, doi: 10.3390/w7041751.

S. G. Philander, El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation, Internatio. San Diego, New York, Berkeley, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto: Academic Press, 1990.

Yanto, B. Rajagopalan, and E. Zagona, “Space – time variability of Indonesian rainfall at inter annual and multi decadal time scales,” Clim. Dyn., vol. 47, pp. 2975–2989, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3008-8.

A. Kurniadi, E. Weller, S. K. Min, and M. G. Seong, “Independent ENSO and IOD impacts on rainfall extremes over Indonesia,” Int. J. Climatol., vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 3640–3656, May 2021, doi: 10.1002/JOC.7040.

S. N. N. Azizah, T. June, R. Salmayenti, U. Ma’rufah, and Yonny Koesmaryono, “Land Use Change Impact on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Surface Albedo, and Heat Fluxes in Jambi Province: Implications to Rainfall,” Agromet, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 51–59, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.29244/J.AGROMET.36.1.51-59.

S. Nurdiati et al., “The impact of El Niño southern oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole on the burned area in Indonesia,” Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., vol. 33, no. 15, 2022, doi: 10.1007/S44195-022-00016-0.

M. J. Page et al., “The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews,” BMJ, vol. 372, p. n71, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71.

T. Yamagata, S. K. Behera, J. J. Luo, S. Masson, M. R. Jury, and S. A. Rao, “Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Variability in the Tropical Indian Ocean,” Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 147, pp. 189–211, 2004, doi: 10.1029/147GM12.

S. Nurdiati, A. Sopaheluwakan, and P. Septiawan, “Joint Distribution Analysis of Forest Fires and Precipitation in Response to ENSO, IOD, and MJO (Study Case: Sumatra, Indonesia),” Atmosphere (Basel)., vol. 13, no. 4, 2022, doi: 10.3390/atmos13040537.

S. K. Lee et al., “Java-Sumatra Nino/Nina and Its Impact on Regional Rainfall Variability,” J. Clim., vol. 35, no. 13, pp. 4291–4308, 2022, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0616.1.

D. N. Ratri, K. Whan, and M. Schmeits, “Calibration of ECMWF Seasonal Ensemble Precipitation Reforecasts in Java (Indonesia) Using Bias-Corrected Precipitation and Climate Indices,” Weather Forecast., vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 1375–1386, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1175/WAF-D-20-0124.1.

Q. Xu, Z. Guan, D. Jin, and D. Hu, “Regional Characteristics of Interannual Variability of Summer Rainfall in the Maritime Continent and Their Related Anomalous Circulation Patterns,” J. Clim., vol. 32, pp. 4179–4192, 2019, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0480.1.

A. M. Setiawan, W. S. Lee, and J. Rhee, “Spatio-temporal characteristics of Indonesian drought related to El Niño events and its predictability using the multi-model ensemble,” Int. J. Climatol., vol. 37, no. 13, pp. 4700–4719, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1002/JOC.5117.

T. Zhang, S. Yang, X. Jiang, and B. Huang, “Roles of Remote and Local Forcings in the Variation and Prediction of Regional Maritime Continent Rainfall in Wet and Dry Seasons,” J. Clim., vol. 29, pp. 8871–8879, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0417.1.

T. Zhang, S. Yang, X. Jiang, and P. Zhao, “Seasonal – Interannual Variation and Prediction of Wet and Dry Season Rainfall over the Maritime Continent : Roles of ENSO and Monsoon Circulation,” J. Clim., vol. 29, pp. 3675–3695, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0222.1.

M. N. Nur’utami and R. Hidayat, “Influences of IOD and ENSO to Indonesian Rainfall Variability: Role of Atmosphere-ocean Interaction in the Indo-pacific Sector,” Procedia Environ. Sci., vol. 33, pp. 196–203, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1016/J.PROENV.2016.03.070.

R. Hidayat, K. Ando, Y. Masumoto, and J. J. Luo, “Interannual Variability of Rainfall over Indonesia : Impacts of ENSO and IOD and Their Predictability Interannual Variability of Rainfall over Indonesia : Impacts of ENSO and IOD and Their Predictability,” in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2016, pp. 0–9, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/31/1/012043.

K. Schollaen, C. Karamperidou, P. Krusic, E. Cook, and G. Helle, “ENSO flavors in a tree-ring δ18O record of Tectona grandis from Indonesia,” Clim. Past, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 1325–1333, 2015, doi: 10.5194/cp-11-1325-2015.

X. Jia and S. Wang, “Diverse impacts of ENSO on wintertime rainfall over the,” Int. J. Climatol., vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 3384–3397, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4562.

A. R. As-syakur, “Spatio-Temporal Variations of Rainfall and SST Anomaly over Indonesia during ENSO Modoki Event in 2010,” J. Mar. Aquat. Sci., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 23–29, 2015, doi: 10.24843/jmas.2015.v1.i01.23-29.

V. Moron, A. W. Robertson, J. Qian, M. Ghil, A. M. Ramos, and I. Dom, “Weather types across the Maritime Continent : from the diurnal cycle to interannual variations,” Front. Environ. Sci., vol. 2, no. January, pp. 1–19, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2014.00065.

A. R. As-syakur et al., “Observation of spatial patterns on the rainfall response to ENSO and IOD over Indonesia using TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA),” Int. J. Climatol., vol. 34, no. 15, 2014, doi: 10.1002/joc.3939.

J. A. Qian, W. Robertson, and V. Moron, “Interactions among ENSO , the Monsoon , and Diurnal Cycle in Rainfall Variability over Java , Indonesia,” J. Atmos. Sci., vol. 67, pp. 3509–3524, 2010, doi: 10.1175/2010JAS3348.1.

A. Giannini, A. W. Robertson, and J. Qian, “A role for tropical tropospheric temperature adjustment to El Nino – Southern Oscillation in the seasonality of monsoonal Indonesia precipitation predictability,” J. Geophys. Res., vol. 112, pp. 1–14, 2007, doi: 10.1029/2007JD008519.

E. Aldrian, L. Dümenil Gates, and F. H. Widodo, “Seasonal variability of Indonesian rainfall in ECHAM4 simulations and in the reanalyses: The role of ENSO,” Theor. Appl. Climatol., vol. 87, no. 1–4, 2007, doi: 10.1007/s00704-006-0218-8.

C. P. Chang, Z. Wang, J. Ju, and T. Li, “On the Relationship between Western Maritime Continent Monsoon Rainfall and ENSO during Northern Winter,” J. Clim., vol. 17, pp. 665–672, 2004, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017%3C0665:OTRBWM%3E2.0.CO;2.

H. H. Hendon, “Indonesian rainfall variability: Impacts of ENSO and local air-sea interaction,” J. Clim., vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 1775–1790, 2003, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<1775:IRVIOE>2.0.CO;2.

E. Aldrian and R. Dwi Susanto, “Identification of three dominant rainfall regions within Indonesia and their relationship to sea surface temperature,” Int. J. Climatol., vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 1435–1452, Oct. 2003, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.950.

J. L. McBride, M. R. Haylock, and N. Nicholls, “Relationships between the maritime continent heat source and the El Niño-Southern oscillation phenomenon,” J. Clim., vol. 16, no. 17, 2003, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2905:RBTMCH>2.0.CO;2.

J. I. Hamada, M. D. Yamanaka, J. Matsumoto, S. Fukao, P. A. Winarso, and T. Sribimawati, “Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO,” J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan. Ser. II, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 285–310, Apr. 2002, doi: 10.2151/JMSJ.80.285.

K. K. Kumar, B. Rajagopalan, and M. A. Cane, “On the Weakening Relationship Between the Indian Monsoon and ENSO,” Science (80-. )., vol. 284, no. 5423, pp. 2156–2159, Jun. 1999, doi: 10.1126/SCIENCE.284.5423.2156.

R. H. Kripalani and A. Kulkarni, “RAINFALL VARIABILITY OVER SOUTH-EAST ASIAÐCONNECTIONS WITH INDIAN MONSOON AND ENSO EXTREMES : NEW PERSPECTIVES,” Int. J. Climatol. Climatol., vol. 17, pp. 1155–1168, 1997.

T. Yasunari, “Temporal and Spatial Variations of Monthly Rainfall in Java, Indonesia,” Southeast Asian Stud. Asian Stud., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 170–186, 1981, doi: 10.3/JQUERY-UI.JS.

W. H. Quinn, D. O. ZopfK, K. S. Short, and R. T. W. Kuo Yang, “Historical trends and statistics of the southern oscillation, el nino, and indonesian droughts,” Fish. Bul., vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 663–678, 1978, [Online]. Available: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130735715.

S. B. Power and I. N. Smith, “Weakening of the Walker Circulation and apparent dominance of El Niño both reach record levels, but has ENSO really changed?,” Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 34, no. 18, p. 18702, Sep. 2007, doi: 10.1029/2007GL030854.

E. Aldrian and R. D. Susanto, “Identification of three dominant rainfall regions within Indonesia and their relationship to sea surface temperature IDENTIFICATION OF THREE DOMINANT RAINFALL REGIONS WITHIN INDONESIA AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO SEA SURFACE,” no. July 2018, 2003, doi: 10.1002/joc.950.

S. A. Rao, S. K. Behera, Y. Masumoto, and T. Yamagata, “Interannual subsurface variability in the tropical Indian Ocean with a special emphasis on the Indian Ocean Dipole,” Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr., vol. 49, no. 7–8, pp. 1549–1572, Jan. 2002, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00158-8.

N. J. Mantua and S. R. Hare, “The Pacific Decadal Oscillation,” J. Oceanogr., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 35–44, 2002, doi: 10.1023/A:1015820616384/METRICS.

S. Minobe, “A 50–70 year climatic oscillation over the North Pacific and North America,” Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 683–686, Mar. 1997, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00504.

M. J. Salinger, J. A. Renwick, and A. B. Mullan, “Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and South Pacific climate,” Int. J. Climatol., vol. 21, no. 14, pp. 1705–1721, Nov. 2001, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.691.

B. Dong and A. Dai, “The influence of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation on Temperature and Precipitation over the Globe,” Clim. Dyn., vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 2667–2681, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s00382-015-2500-x.

H. Hendon, “Impacts of air-sea coupling on variability of the Indonesian monsoon,” 2003.

M. N. Nur’utami and T. Hayasaka, “Interannual Variability of the Indonesian Rainfall and Air–Sea Interaction over the Indo–Pacific Associated with Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation Phases in the Dry Season,” J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 77–97, 2022, doi: 10.2151/jmsj.2022-004.

D. N. Ratri, K. Whan, and M. Schmeits, “Calibration of ecmwf seasonal ensemble precipitation reforecasts in java (Indonesia) using bias-corrected precipitation and climate indices,” Weather Forecast., vol. 36, no. 4, 2021, doi: 10.1175/WAF-D-20-0124.1.

Downloads

Published

2024-03-17 — Updated on 2024-08-13

Versions

How to Cite

Mulsandi, A., Koesmaryono, Y., Hidayat, R., Faqih, A., & Sopaheluwakan, A. (2024). On The Interannual Variability of Indonesian Monsoon Rainfall (IMR): A Literature Review of The Role of its External Forcing. Jurnal Meteorologi Dan Geofisika, 24(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.31172/jmg.v24i2.1049 (Original work published March 17, 2024)

Issue

Vol. 24 No. 2 (2023)

Section

Article

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Adi Mulsandi, Yonny Koesmaryono, Rahmat Hidayat, Akhmad Faqih, Ardhasena Sopaheluwakan

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.